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To mint coins was a political act: the image of the ruling emperor appeared on most issues, and coins were a means of showing his image throughout the empire.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Also featured were predecessors, empresses, other family members, and? heirs apparent. By issuing coins with the image of an heir his legitimacy and future succession was proclaimed and reinforced. Political messages and imperial propaganda such as proclamations of victory and acknowledgements of loyalty also appeared in certain issues.
Legally only the emperor and the Senate had the authority to mint coins inside the empire.[86]? However the authority of the Senate was mainly in name only. In general, the imperial government issued gold and silver coins while the Senate issued bronze coins marked by the legend? "SC", short for? Senatus Consulto? "by decree of the Senate". However, bronze coinage could be struck without this legend. Some Greek cities were allowed to mint[87]? bronze and certain silver coins, which today are known as? Greek Imperials(also? Roman Colonials? or? Roman Provincials). The imperial mints were under the control of a chief financial minister, and the provincial mints were under the control of the imperial provincial procurators.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] The Senatorial mints were governed by officials of the Senatorial treasury.
In Borkenau's opinion, these powerful internal forces driving German foreign policy meant Nazi Germany could only aim at world conquest because without expansionism in all directions, the German dictatorship would collapse onto itself.[6] In Borkenau's view,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the nearest historical counterpart to German policy was French expansionism during the French Revolution and the age ofNapoleon.[6] Borkenau criticized those who compared the Third Reich to the Second Reich, or who argued that National Socialism was just one of the "ever-recurring waves of Teutonic nationalism", or the expression of "have-not imperialism" as engaging in a "deadly parallel".[6] Borkenau’s portrayal of Nazi foreign policy being driven by powerful internal forces into a limitless expansionism was to strikingly configure the arguments made by German foreign policy by functionalist historians like Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat, who similarly contended that Nazi foreign policy had no plans, but was rather “expansionism without objective” pushed by internal forces. However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Borkenau's work differed from the functionalists in that he maintained that the Nazi regime was a tightly organized totalitarian dictatorship. During World War II, Borkenau lived in London, and worked as a writer for Cyril Connolly's journal Horizon.